The process where DNA makes an identical copy of itself during cell division. Requires enzymes like helicase and DNA polymerase.

Ribonucleic Acid; single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis. Types include mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Process of creating RNA from a DNA template. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA instructions. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid (e.g., AUG = Methionine).

A triplet of tRNA nucleotides that pairs with complementary mRNA codons during translation.

A permanent change in DNA sequence. Types include point mutations (e.g., substitutions) and frameshift mutations (insertions/deletions).

A lab technique to amplify DNA sequences using thermal cycling, primers, and Taq polymerase.

A method to separate DNA fragments by size using an electric current and agarose gel matrix.

Proteins that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Used in genetic engineering (e.g., EcoRI cuts GAATTC).