The genetic constitution of an organism (e.g., TT, Tt, or tt).

A hybridisation experiment involving two pairs of contrasting traits.

Basic principles describing how traits are inherited through genes from parents to offspring.

In a pair of alleles, one is dominant and its trait is expressed.

During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate without mixing.

Different traits are inherited independently when more than one pair of traits is involved.

A condition where the dominant allele does not fully mask the recessive allele, resulting in a blend (e.g., red + white = pink flower).

A condition where both alleles express themselves equally (e.g., roan coat in cattle).

When more than two alleles exist for a single gene (e.g., ABO blood group system in humans).

A trait controlled by two or more genes (e.g., skin colour).

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to variation.

The point where homologous chromosomes exchange parts during crossing over.

A sudden heritable change in genetic information caused by replication errors or environmental factors.