A change in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can lead to new traits (e.g., antibiotic resistance in bacteria).

Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, formed through accumulated mutations and natural selection.

The ability of microorganisms (like bacteria) to resist the effects of several unrelated antibiotics.

An evolutionary theory proposing that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime (e.g., elongated necks in giraffes) and pass these acquired traits to offspring.

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive, reproduce, and pass on advantageous traits to offspring.

Differences among individuals of a species (e.g., beak size in finches) due to genetic or environmental factors.

Competition among organisms for limited resources (food, shelter, mates), leading to differential survival.

The survival and reproduction of individuals best adapted to their environment.

The hypothetical earliest organism from which all current life on Earth descends.

Study of structural similarities and differences between species to understand evolutionary relationships.